On this Day: 30th of November 1872 1st international Football Match - Scotland V England

Scotland v England (1872) was the first ever official international football match to be played. It was contested by the national teams of Scotland and England. The match took place on 30 November 1872 at West of Scotland Cricket Club's ground at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland. The match finished in a 0–0 draw and was watched by 4,000 spectators.

All eleven Scottish players were selected from Queen's Park, the leading Scottish club at this time. Scotland had hoped to obtain the services of Arthur Kinnaird of The Wanderers and Henry Renny-Tailyour of Royal Engineers but both were unavailable.The teams for this match were got together "with some difficulty, each side losing some of their best men almost at the last moment" The Scottish side was selected by goalkeeper and captain Robert W. Gardner. The English side was selected from nine different clubs and was selected by Charles Alcock, who himself was unable to play due to injury.The match, initially scheduled for 2pm, was delayed for 20 minutes due to fog. The 4,000 spectators paid an entry fee of a shilling, the same amount charged at the 1872 FA Cup Final.

On a pitch that was heavy due to the continuous rain over the previous three days, the smaller and lighter Scottish side pushed their English counterparts hard. The Scots had a goal disallowed in the first half after the umpires decided that the ball had cleared the tape. The latter part of the match saw the Scots defence under pressure by the heavier English forwards. The Scots played two full backs, two half backs and six forwards. The English played only one full back, one half back and eight forwards. Since three defenders were required for a ball played to be onside, the English system was virtually a ready-made offside trap. Scotland would come closest to winning the match when, in the closing stages, a Robert Leckie shot landed on top of the tape which was used to represent the crossbar.

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On this Day: 30th of November 1872 1st international Football Match - Scotland V England

On this Day: 29th of November 1907 Florence Nightingale presented with the Order of Merit

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC ( 2 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night.

On the 29^th of November 1909 at the great age of 88, Florence Nightingale's contribution to British society was formally recognised when she became the first woman to receive the Order of Merit, an order reserved for those who have excelled in the arts, sciences and intellectual life.

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On this Day: 29th of November 1907 Florence Nightingale presented with the Order of Merit

On this Day: 28th of November 1919- Nancy Astor becomes the first woman MP

Nancy Witcher Astor, Viscountess Astor, CH, (19 May 1879 – 2 May 1964) was the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons.

Nancy Astor’s husband, Waldorf Astor, had enjoyed a promising career for several years before World War I in the House of Commons, but then he succeeded to his father's peerage as the 2nd Viscount Astor. This meant that he automatically became a member of the House of Lords and forfeited his seat of Plymouth Sutton in the House of Commons. So Lady Astor decided to contest the vacant Parliamentary seat.

A By-election was held on 28 November 1919, and she took up her seat in the House on 1 December as a Unionist (also known as "Tory") Member of Parliament.

Lady Astor's accomplishments in the House of Commons were relatively minor. She never held a position with much influence. Indeed, the Duchess of Atholl (elected to Parliament in 1923, four years after Lady Astor) rose to higher levels in the Tory Party before Astor did, and this was largely as Astor wished. She felt that if she had a position in the party, she would be less free to criticise her party’s government. One of her few significant achievements in the House was the passage of a bill she sponsored to increase the legal drinking age to eighteen unless the minor has parental approval.

Lady Astor died in 1964 at her daughter's home at Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire. She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Octagon Temple at Cliveden.

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On this Day: 28th of November 1919- Nancy Astor becomes the first woman MP

On this Day: 26th November 1805 – Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct  is a navigable aqueduct that carries the Llangollen Canal over the valley of the River Dee in Wrexham County Borough in north east Wales. Completed in 1805, it is the longest and highest aqueduct in Britain, a Grade I Listed Building and a World Heritage Site.

The aqueduct, built by Thomas Telford and William Jessop, is 1,007 ft (307 m) long, 11 ft (3.4 m) wide and 5.25 ft (1.60 m) deep. It consists of a cast iron trough supported 126 ft (38 m) above the river on iron arched ribs carried on nineteen hollow masonry piers (pillars). Each span is 53 ft (16 m) wide. Despite considerable public scepticism, Telford was confident the construction method would work: he had previously built at least one cast iron trough aqueduct – the Longdon-on-Tern aqueduct on the Shrewsbury Canal, still visible in the middle of a field, though the canal was abandoned years ago. Part of what was originally called the Ellesmere Canal, it was one of the first major feats of civil engineering undertaken by Telford, by then a leading civil engineer, supervised by Jessop, the more experienced canal engineer. The iron was supplied by William Hazledine from his foundries at Shrewsbury and nearby Cefn Mawr. It was opened on 26 November 1805, having taken around ten years to design and build at a total cost of £47,000. Adjusted for inflation this is equal to £2,930,000 as of 2012, however a structure of this type would cost more to build today due to other factors that didn't exist in the early 19th century such as higher wages (adjusted for inflation), safety measures, new regulations and taxes, financing fees and so on.

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On this Day: 26th November 1805 – Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

On this Day: 22nd November 2012- Thanksgiving: Presidential Pardon or One for the Pot?

Every year shortly before Thanksgiving The President of the United States is presented with a live turkey (two in fact as one is a spare) but since 1989 during the first Thanksgiving of President George H. W. Bush, a tradition has started where president has granted the turkey a "presidential pardon" and thus spared it from being eaten.

The origins of pardoning the White House turkey however are about as unclear as the future of the birds which are spared the chop! Most Thanksgiving turkeys are bred and raised for size at the expense of longer life so are prone to have very short lives after being spared.

Many credit President Harry Truman (above) with starting the tradition in 1947, however, the Truman Library says that no documents, speeches, newspaper clippings, photographs or other contemporary records are known to exist that specify that he ever "pardoned" a turkey. The Eisenhower Presidential Library says documents in their collection reveal that President Dwight Eisenhower ate the birds presented to him during his two terms. President John F. Kennedy spontaneously spared a turkey on Nov. 19, 1963, just days before his assassination, but did not grant a "pardon." The bird was wearing a sign reading, "Good Eatin' Mr. President." Kennedy responded, "Let's just keep him."

Since 1989 when the custom of 'pardoning' the turkey was formalized, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it lives out the rest of its natural life. For many years the turkeys were sent to the not so aptly named Frying Pan Park in Fairfax County, Virginia but between 2005 to 2009, the pardoned turkeys were sent to the sunnier climates of either the Disneyland Resort in California or the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, where they served as the honorary grand marshals of Disney's Thanksgiving Day Parade. This year’s birds Cobbler and Gobbler, will follow their predecessors Peace and Liberty and Apple and Cider who were sent to live at Mount Vernon, the estate and home of America’s first President George Washington.

Happy Thanksgiving Everyone!!

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On this Day: 22nd November 2012- Thanksgiving: Presidential Pardon or One for the Pot?

On This Day: 21st November 1986 - Reagan’s National Security Council Adviser Oliver North Begins Destroying Documents Pertaining to the Iran- Contra Affair

Lt Col Oliver North

The Iran–Contra affair was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo. Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

The scandal began as an operation to free seven American hostages being held by a group with Iranian ties connected to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. It was planned that Israel would ship weapons to Iran, and then the U.S. would resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment. The Iranian recipients promised to do everything in their power to achieve the release of the U.S. hostages. The plan deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. Large modifications to the plan were devised by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in late 1985, in which a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua.

While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause, the evidence is disputed as to whether he authorized the diversion of the money raised by the Iranian arms sales to the Contras.

Handwritten notes taken by Defense Secretary Casper Weinberger on December 7, 1985 indicate that Reagan was aware of potential hostages transfers with Iran, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to "moderates elements" within that country. Weinberger wrote that Reagan said "he could answer to charges of illegality but couldn't answer to the charge that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free the hostages.'" Still, many believe that it is unclear exactly what Reagan knew and when, and whether the arms sales were motivated by his desire to save the U.S. hostages. After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the United States did not trade arms for hostages. The investigation was impeded when large volumes of documents relating to the scandal were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials. On March 4, 1987, Reagan returned to the airwaves in a nationally televised address, taking full responsibility for any actions that he was unaware of, and admitting that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages."

Several investigations ensued, including those by the United States Congress and the three-man, Reagan-appointed Tower Commission. Neither found any evidence that President Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs. In the end, fourteen administration officials were indicted, including then-Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Eleven convictions resulted, some of which were vacated on appeal. The rest of those indicted or convicted were all pardoned in the final days of the presidency of George H. W. Bush, who had been vice-president at the time of the affair.

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On This Day: 21st November 1986 - Reagan’s National Security Council Adviser Oliver North Begins Destroying Documents Pertaining to the Iran- Contra Affair

On this Day: 20 November 1947 – Princess Elizabeth marries Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten at Westminster Abbey in London.

Princess Elizabeth and Philip were married at 11:30 GMT on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey.

On the morning of her wedding, as Princess Elizabeth was getting dressed at Buckingham Palace before leaving for Westminster Abbey, her tiara snapped. Luckily the court jeweller was standing by in case of emergency. The jeweller was rushed to his work room by a police escort. For her wedding dress she still required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, designed by Norman Hartnell.

The royal parties were brought in large carriage processions, the first with The Queen and Princess Margaret and later a procession with Queen Mary. At Kensington Palace, Philip departed with his best man, the Marquess of Milford Haven. Princess Elizabeth arrived at the Abbey with her father, George VI, in the Irish State Coach.

The wedding ceremony was officiated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher and the Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett. The ceremony was recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people around the world.

The couple received over 2,500 wedding presents from around the world and around 10,000 telegrams of congratulations.

Upon their marriage, Elizabeth took the title of her husband and became Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. They departed for their honeymoon in Broadlands in Hampshire, home of Philip's uncle, Earl Mountbatten.

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On this Day: 20 November 1947 – Princess Elizabeth marries Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten at Westminster Abbey in London.

On this Day: 19th November 1863 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address

The Gettysburg Address was a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Abraham Lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American history. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis, with "a new birth of freedom," that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, ensuring that democracy would remain a viable form of government and creating a nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant.

Beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago," referring to the Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution in 1776, Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States in the context of the Civil War, and memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners (and the nation) to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy, that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

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On this Day: 19th November 1863 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address

On this Day: 16th November 1920 – Qantas, Australia's national airline, is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.

Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airline's first aircraft was an Avro 504K. The airline flew internationally from May 1935, when it commenced service from Darwin, Northern Territory to Singapore. In June 1959 Qantas entered the jet age when the first Boeing 707-138 was delivered.

Nicknamed "The Flying Kangaroo", the airline is based in Sydney, New South Wales, with its main hub at Sydney Airport. It is Australia's largest airline, the oldest continuously operated airline in the world and the second oldest in the world overall. Qantas headquarters are located in the Qantas Centre in the Mascot suburb of the City of Botany Bay.

Qantas carries a 65% share of the Australian domestic market and carries 18.7% of all passengers travelling in and out of Australia.

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On this Day: 16th November 1920 – Qantas, Australia's national airline, is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.

On this Day: 15th November 1939 – US President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial

The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D.C. dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, an American Founding Father and the third President of the United States. The neoclassical building was designed by the architect John Russell Pope and built by the Philadelphia contractor John McShain.

Construction began on December 15, 1938 and the cornerstone was laid on November 15, 1939, by president Franklin Roosevelt. By this point Pope had died (1937) and his surviving partners, Daniel P. Higgins and Otto R. Eggers, took over construction of the memorial. The design was modified at the request of the Commission of Fine Arts to a more conservative design.

Construction commenced amid significant opposition. The Commission of Fine Arts never actually approved any design for the Memorial and even published a pamphlet in 1939 opposing both the design and site of the Memorial.

The Jefferson Memorial was officially dedicated by President Roosevelt on April 13, 1943, the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birthday. At that time, Evans' statue had not yet been finished. Due to material shortages during World War II, the statue that was installed at the time was a plaster cast of Evans' work painted to look like bronze. The finished bronze statue was installed in 1947, having been cast by the Roman Bronze Company of New York.

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On this Day: 15th November 1939 – US President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial

On this Day: 14th November 1971 – Mariner 9 enters orbit around Mars

Mariner 9 is a NASA space orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and reached the planet on November 14 of the same year, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet — only narrowly beating Soviet Mars 2 and Mars 3, which both arrived within a month. After months of dust-storms it managed to send back clear pictures of the surface.

Mariner 9 returned 7329 images over the course of its mission, which concluded in October 1972.

Mariner 9 remains a derelict satellite in Mars orbit. It is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash to the planet's surface.

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On this Day: 14th November 1971 – Mariner 9 enters orbit around Mars

School opens its door to the past!

Shrewsbury School, one of the oldest established schools in the UK has taken the decision to have its entire archive of the school magazine digitised and intends to ultimately make the content available Online.

The project involves a process by which each page of the document is digitised to create a database of digital image files that are then processed using OCR technology in order to capture and index each word.

The project is being managed by Save Photo and is being processed at its secure National Image Scanning Centre in Warwickshire.

The digital images and database can then we searched using keywords, names, dates and phrases so to allow a User to quickly access specific information that is of particular interest to them.

The magazines themselves will be published as digital publications that can be read in the traditional way using via the Web, PC or Kindle type device.

Access to Heritage collections are a priority for Organisation's and Institution's that appreciate the importance for education and research and so projects such as the one undertaken by Shrewsbury School are an important step in the right direction.

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School opens its door to the past!

On this Day: 12th November 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica

Robert Falcon Scott, CVO (6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that they had been preceded by Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. On their return journey, Scott and his four comrades all perished from a combination of exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold.

The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved. Their final camp became their tomb; a high cairn of snow was erected over it, topped by a roughly fashioned cross. In January 1913, before Terra Nova left for home, a large wooden cross was made by the ship's carpenters, inscribed with the names of the lost party and Tennyson's line from his poem Ulysses: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", and was erected as a permanent memorial on Observation Hill, overlooking Hut Point.

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On this Day: 12th November 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica

On this Day: 7th November 1974 – Lord Lucan disappears after murder of his children’s nanny

On this Day: 7th November 1974 – Lord Lucan disappears after murder of his children’s nanny

Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (born 18 December 1934), popularly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer, the elder son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan and Kaitlin Elizabeth Anne Dawson. Lucan developed a taste for gambling and, skilled at backgammon and bridge, became an early member of the Clermont gaming club. Although his losses often outweighed his winnings, he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler.

Once considered for the role of James Bond, Lucan was a charismatic man with expensive tastes; he raced power boats and drove an Aston Martin. On the evening of 7 November 1974, his children's nanny, Sandra Rivett, was bludgeoned to death in the basement of the Lucan family home. His estranged wife Lady Lucan was also attacked; she later identified Lucan as her assailant. As the police began their murder investigation he telephoned his mother, asking her to collect the children, and then drove a borrowed Ford Corsair to a friend's house in Uckfield, Sussex. Hours later, he left the property and was never seen again. The Corsair was later found abandoned in Newhaven, its interior stained with blood and its boot containing a piece of bandaged lead pipe similar to one found at the crime scene. A warrant for his arrest was issued a few days later and in his absence, the inquest into Rivett's death named him as her murderer, the last occasion in Britain a coroner's court was allowed to do so.

Lucan's fate remains a fascinating mystery for the British public. Hundreds of reports of his presence in various countries around the world have been made following Rivett's murder, although none have been substantiated. Despite a police investigation and huge press interest, Lucan has not been found and is presumed dead.

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On this Day: 7th November 1974 – Lord Lucan disappears after murder of his children’s nanny

On this Day: 6th November 1962 - Edward M Kennedy 1st elected to the U.S Senate

Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and was the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history, having served there for almost 47 years. As the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family for many years, he was also the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.; the youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination; and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.

Kennedy entered the Senate on the 6^th November 1962 special election to fill the seat once held by his brother John. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was re-elected seven more times before his death. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

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On this Day: 6th November 1962 - Edward M Kennedy 1st elected to the U.S Senate

On This Day: 2 Nov 1947 - Howard Hughes' "Spruce Goose" flies for 1st (& last) time

The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the "Spruce Goose"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft company. The aircraft made its first and only flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, its critics nicknamed it the "Spruce Goose," despite it being made almost entirely of birch rather than spruce.[1] The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history.[2] It survives in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, USA.

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On This Day: 2 Nov 1947 - Howard Hughes' "Spruce Goose" flies for 1st (& last) time

On this Day: 1 Nov 1969 - Beatles' "Abbey Road," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 11 weeks

Abbey Road was the 11th studio album released by the English rock band The Beatles. It is their last recorded album, although Let It Be was the last album released before the band's dissolution in 1970. Work on Abbey Road began in April 1969, and the album was released on 26 September 1969 in the United Kingdom, and 1 October 1969 in the United States.

Despite being released in the US on the 1st October, the album debuted at number 178, before moving to number 4 and on the 1st November 1969 to number 1, spending 11 non-consecutive weeks at the top. Abbey Road spent a total of 129 weeks in the Billboard 200

The front cover design, features a photograph of the group traversing a zebra crossing, which was based on sketched ideas by McCartney and taken on 8 August 1969 outside EMI Studios on Abbey Road. At around 11:30 that morning, photographer Iain Macmillan was given only ten minutes to take the photo whilst he stood on a step-ladder and a policeman held up the traffic.

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On this Day: 1 Nov 1969 - Beatles' "Abbey Road," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 11 weeks